This management approach . 1972. In addition, there is need for paddock establishment, especially in the rural communities or reserved areas, for grazing by the ruminants. It is considered one of the best breeds in intensive or semi-intensive systems in the Middle East with its high prolificacy and high milk production. Distribution of the goat breeds in the country showed that the West African Dwarf (WAD) goat is common to southern Nigeria while the Sahel or desert goat and Sokoto Red are common to the northern region of the country. Under the free range system, the animals move about freely to feed on forages/grasses, which are abundantly available during the raining season, and on other feed source such as left over foods/ kitchen wastes and refuse dumps. findings have not been fully tested or adopted Semi-Intensive system of feeding 4. protein requirement of male lambs declines from 18% crude protein in the dry Semi-intensive system of goat production is an intermediate compromise between extensive and intensive system followed in some flocks having limited grazing. The Mamre Dormer Stud comprises 270 ewes and 205 rams that are run on only 40ha. The commonly adopted extensive and semi-intensive management systems for the farm animals may however make it difficult for the livestock farmers to consciously and conscientiously prevent the incidence of pest and disease infestation on their animals. Tethering (small size flocks of 210 animals). The house should at least have one peephole from and into each run. crop residues, hay, silage and concentrates are used to supplement the animals at times of need. In the light of this, crop debris such as dried cowpea shafts and ground vines and husks becomes additional source of income for farmers that cultivate cowpea and groundnuts. Louca, A., Economides, S. & Hancock, J. Camb. production of small ruminants. In addition to increased with dual purpose sheep and goats a combination of the suckling technique and Rev. Since birds are in fresh land every day they remain free of parasites. & Sauvant, 1979). However, with medium and Birds kept in the enclosed compartment of the fold unit easily develop vices like cannibalism. 1972; Lawlor et al., 1974; Louca et al.,1975; intake immediately after parturition is low but it increases steadily As a result of this, there is a clear price premium for male sheep during the festival period, and some early purchasing for fattening and re-sale takes place. This situation may however be reverted through efficient marketing system of livestock and its products and by-products. What are the advantages of semi intensive system? Drysdale) IDRC, Canada. Morand-Fehr, P., Hervieu, J., Bas, P. & Sauvant, D. 1982. The Balami, Uda, Yankasa; and Sokoto Red breeds of the small ruminants are thus kept on a modified intensive management system whereby the animals are mostly tethered or kept in a guarded enclosure and fed on cut-and-feed forages and by-products of farm produce. Wld. semi-arid and arid regions the production of roughage is seasonal and Birds and eggs are protected against thieves and predators. 1984). I.E.Coop). In positively related to energy intake. Devendra, C. 1979. The growth data and beneficial effect of suckling did not extend beyond the time of weaning. The larger proportion of these animals population are however largely concentrated in the northern region of the country than the southern region. Nat. The materials chosen must be very absorbent. Disease and parasite incidence are slightly high. Dairy Sci. Availability of more land for livestock and crop production and moderate population pressure. (Eds. First is intensive management system second is semi-intensive and third system in vogue is extensive management system. As further indicated, the residue accounted for 12.6% of annual grazing time in Abet- a farming area, and for 6.6% in Kurmin-Biri- a grazing reserve. of Osmanabadi goats under semi-intensive system. those of female lambs are about 2% units lower. The larger proportion of the ruminant livestock in Nigeria lies in the hands of herders who keep them under extensive and semi-intensive management systems, whereby the animals only rely on natural pasture and crop residue for survival. [22] cattle produces manure outputs of 1368 kg DM/head/year and 248 kg DM/head/year by sheep for soil fertility. Usually, the stocking density for a semi-intensive poultry housing system is 4-5 birds m.sq. The main advantages are more financial services under one roof. If this is produced by the owner, it is of little significance, but if it must be purchased, it becomes an economic factor. Cost of supplementary feeding and non-availability of forage during the dry season greatly challenged efficient livestock feeding and management in Nigeria. The option of settled lifestyle of the Fualani pastoralists in the southern region of Nigeria was largely informed by a number of changes in the ecological condition of the region. forage as possible and satisfy the largest part of However, a taint of varying intensity was present in the meat of intact goats but not in Semi-intensive System: The semi-intensive system is mid-way between intensive and extensive system. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Can banks make loans out of their required reserves? In addition to the pasture for grazing is supplementary feeding whereby the animals are placed on concentrates or improved rations. A semi-intensive production system was tested in Guadeloupe (FWI) with meat Creole goats grazing on Digitaria decumbens, Different experiments took place with suckling does and growing goats after weaning, The pasture was fertilized and irrigated, Does were mated 3 times in 2 years, Semi-intensive management of both animals and pastures allowed high levels of productivity per goat or per ha . This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. early weaning or restricted milk intake, in order to reduce feed and labour costs. In some cases, goats are unsuited at day times. Given the volume and nature of excreta produce by cattle, the large ruminant have served as valuable source for manure for soil fertility and development of organic agriculture. 87: high (20.1 MJME/day) levels of energy, but a low level of energy (11.3MJME/ slaughter weight of lambs and kids depends on the desired carcass quality and [12] The exclusive pastoralists do not grow crops but simply depend on sales of their ruminants and dairy products to meet their food needs. MJME/kg0.75. depends on the age at mating. 1977. The easiest and most rational solution to the problem of livestock health is to develop acceptably effective drugs from reasonably inexpensive sources for use as supplements to commercial drugs. Male kids responded linearly to increased protein level in the diet (Louca & Hancock, 1977; Mavrogenis et al.,1979) whereas female response was marginal. Bull. 3341. . (Louca et al., 1982). The semi-intensive system of dairy goat farming is a mixture of both intensive and extensive systems. roughage production and supplementary feeding, Unlike the devalued state of the socio-cultural value of the small ruminants in southwest Nigeria, cattle, sheep and goats remained relevant as measuring tools of social status and economic strength among the rural households in the northern region of the country. Dairy Sci., 63: 16711680. It is believed to have been originated from wild goats found in Asia Minor. An intensive goat system does not require expensive infrastructure, according to Mariaan Grobler, but sound management is crucial Mariaan Grobler loves her goats. Dual purpose sheep and goats with the main emphasis on milk or meat Agro pastoral system: the agro-pastoralist practice entails conscious crop cultivation for both home consumption and marketing purposes alongside their reared cattle. In most cases, goats are suited even at grazing time. Profitable goat production is explained by an increased ratio of outputs (meat, milk, flees and skin) per production inputs (labour, feed and management costs). Mexico (Martinez-Parra et al., 1981) and Goats have been considered more efficient in the digestion of crude Download Free PDF View PDF. develops and begins functioning earlier than kids. Sci., 5: 203213. & Hancock, S. 1979. During the first 15 weeks of pregnancy energy requirements increase by 15%, providing Camb.,85: 465470. It is a house and a run combined in which the birds live all the time. This leads to economies of scale and directly contributes towards meeting the ever-growing demand for food supplies. 80100%. systems. Elsevier Scientific Publishing CO. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. June, 1974. p. 7687. Anim. Hardly are the animals provided supplementary feeds and even shelter by their keepers. Tech. Usually than lambs. Production in Sheep and Goats. This suggests that, only a few ruminants had access to grazing or foraging during the dry season, and thus portends that dry season feeding constitutes a major challenge to livestock production in Nigeria. With this, efficient data and information on farm animals health status, productivity, feeding regime and feed conversion could be readily monitored. Klopfenstein, T. 1978. Kiflewahid, G.R. housing(iv) Ensures fair distribution of manure (waste) which is used for fertilizer(v) It is difficult to implement a planned breeding programme(vi) There is little effort to control pests(vii) Animals fall victim to thieves and predators(viii) It is difficult to control disease outbreak(ix) Lots of efforts needed in controlling the animals(x) Productivity of animal is low i.e. (i) Sokoto Red (ii)Bornu Red (iii) West African long legged goat (iv)West African dwarf goat (v) Bantu (vi) Anglo-Nubian (vii) Aiphine (viii) Saanen (ix) Kano Brown (x)Bauchi type (xi)Togenburg (xii) Nubian (xiii)Boer (xiv) Anglo (xv)Nandi (xvi) East Africa Small Goat (xvii) Angora. greater effect on ovulation rate and barrenness than the cutting of grasses or production of forage and pastures aren't an easy venture to undertake. flushing (i.e. developing countries (semiarid, arid and tropics) or The other four groups are kept close to the house in small camps where they can be observed and tended to easily. If a tractor or extra labor is available, the unit may be a large one taking many birds. by the farmers either because some of the data obtained in developed temperate countries are not appropriate for the Placement of the ruminant on a good ration is certainly at a great deal of cost or financial incurment, the poor economic status of the ruminant keepers in the country however makes it extremely difficult to build the livestock industry. Feeders and waterers are situated in the run or around the house. Tuscon Arizona, U.S.A. Peart, J.N.1967. J. Agric. performance of lambs grazing poor pastures is low because of low feed intake above 40 kg (Miller, 1968; Andrews and Orskov, 1970) while and improved the rate of growth and feed The present level of productivity of goats and sheep in developing countries is 1981. There is no Cooperative Research Sub-network While the sheep and goats are highly prized for cultural heritage in the southwest Nigeria, cattle is of much significance among the Hausa/Fulani in the northern region. The principal disadvantage is the need for high quality litter. identified: Extensive (migratory, free range, pasture or range grazing). Feed intake, daily gain and feed efficiency of lambs growth rate. Owen, J.B., Davies, D.A.R. Profitable livestock marketing system: among all other agricultural enterprise production, livestock management remains a delicate and expensive venture; it however has the potentials of profitable returns. . The level of nutrition is just optimum and better than that under extensive system. Assam is very rich in green as such semi-intensive goat farming is highly profitable in this climate. It does not store any personal data. Published by HFRO. amount and type of supplement to be fed. Anim. Meat production from sheep and goats as the main product and wool, fibre on seasonal price trends and also on the liveweight which minimizes total cost per kg carcass. Fodder banks are designed not to supply forage year-round for an entire herd but rather to be used strategically for limited periods with selected animals, thus only pregnant and lactating animals are allowed to graze the bank. In some cases, feed is provided for the goats in the house which includes grass, household waste and other remnants. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. in houses. Common routine measures that can adopted for goat health care and sanitation include:(i) The goat pens and stalls should washed and cleaned daily. The Agropastoralists, [25], invest more in housing and other local infrastructure, and where their herds become large, they often send them away with more nomadic pastoralists. Although, the livestock herders may take to ethno-veterinary treatment of their animals, this becomes possible only when the symptoms become manifested, and by then a serious internal damage or impairment of the animals health might have taken place. A. IN: Sheep and Goat Production. days of age was poorer than that of kids suckled ad libitum until the age of 70 days. can be given warm or cold (Penning et al., 1973) and should contain 2025% & Sauvant, 1980) was improved by higher levels of energy intake If the floor of the house is littered, it should be renewed when necessary. Prod. Prod. carrying twins would have an energy requirement of about 2.5 However, high levels of feeding through pregnancy can Of the eight groups of ewes, four are in-lamb on the veld as a group at a time.