The act of writing is a complex cognitive process as it is based on complicated sensory, motor and perceptual functions. The coexistence of opposite conditions of human nature is so evident even more so it is subject to the mutations of the moments in fact everyone can be lazy and worker, timid and brave, dependent and independent. Knig CJ, Klehe UC, Berchtold M, Kleinmann M (2010) Reasons for Being Selective When Choosing Personnel Selection Procedures. Men such as Jung, Freud, and numerous other scientists were. graphology meaning: 1. the study of the way people write letters and words, especially in order to discover things. And it is an art because the graphologist has constantly to keep in mind the total context in which . So, unlike psychology, which is "the science concerned with the mind and mental processes," Webster's does not regard graphology to be a "science." What, then, is Webster's definition of a "science"? It is as follows: 1. originally, state or fact of knowing; knowledge, often as opposed to intuition, belief. Graphology is the analysis of human personality through handwriting. Objective tools for measuring were represented by ruler and protractor to calculate tilt, height and size; regularity, harmony and continuity were a variety of means complementary to the survey. In: Cultural Psychology. The basic components of a writing system are called graphemes (by analogy to phonemes in phonology ). Morecraft RJ, Cipolloni PB, Stilwell Morecraft KS, Gedney MT, Pandya DN (2004) Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the posterior cingulate and adjacent somatosensory fields in the rhesus monkey. Among these, the left frontal superior sulcus area, the left superior parietal area and the right anterior cerebellum represent the areas that have shown a reliable and repetitive activation during handwriting and it does suggest a possible important role played in writing processes in accordance with the perspective taken into account by Sugihara and colleagues that have defined the posterior end of the superior frontal gyrus and the anterior part of the left superior parietal area as writing centers [91]. However, in our opinion seems trite and simplistic to attribute to graphology coarse inferences that link the size of the letters in the handwriting to a way to think big or not, or that the distance between the written words can defined exclusively and separately the dimension of writer proxemic attitude towards the other characterizing as well as distanced/detached or near/intrusive [54]. Important characteristics of graphological studies are considered the harmony and disharmony levels of handwriting such as the reflection of the balance degree of the writer. Petrides M, Pandya DN (1984) Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. The study adopted foregrounding as a . Outcomes demonstrated that individuals affected by schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder manifested significant motor impairments [65]. The authors provided novel neural evidence for abstract and modality-specific representations of letters and identifies the specific neural substrates in which these different representational types are instantiated. In the second half of the eighteenth century, in effect, in France, Johann Kasper Lavater (1741-1801) edited a series of rules to be followed for the interpretation of the character through the study of handwriting and hereafter in the first half of the nineteenth century the first societies of graphology began to be born starting from France. On the extreme side of depression, in cases of anti-conservative gestures, Mouly et al. strm J, Thorell LH (2008) Graphometric Variables of Ones Signature: II. Through the study of letters called graphological analysis, it is possible to study patterns of writing that identify the psychological state of a person and to evaluate the characteristics of their personality. It has been reported significant evidence for positive characteristics related to persistence and attention. Graphology, or handwriting analysis, is the allegedly scientific practice of determining people's psychological, social, occupational and medical attributes, as well their moral stature, from the configuration of their letters, lines, and paragraphs on a page. Sappington J, Money M (2003) Sex, Gender Role, Attribution of Pathology, and Handwriting Tidiness. Mouly S, Mah I, Champion K, Bertin C, Popper P et al. Neuroimaging results indicated that the frontal lobe area showed repeated activation amounting as a region with a condition of high reliability and strong activity during handwriting [90]. (2014) Calligraphy and meditation for stress reduction: an experimental comparison. In this regard, Dean et al. Generally, the findings observed are constituted by a handwriting more loose and fluent in parallel with a greater autonomy in behaviour, as an index of acquisition of a certain maturation of self. Williams M, Berg Cross G, Berg Cross L (1977) Handwriting Characteristics and Their Relationship to Eysencks Extraversion-Introversion and Kagans Impulsivity-Relfectivity Dimensions. Consequently, more women re-enter for man in his image of internalized woman and vice versa many men picture for women the representation of their male ideal. Two frontal and parietal superior regions seem to be involved, whereas fronto-medial, precentral, frontal inferior, temporal posterior, thalamic and cerebellar areas act at different degrees, from orthographic selection to motor execution. This process takes into account the conventions that are learned and draw on the wealth of individual experience, in a link between past and present and oriented in a prospective manner through the becoming process. In addition, it is also mentioned the use of graphology in the coaching and development of the students who have a particular shyness or otherwise reserved or reluctant. (1993) A clinical study of hypergraphia in epilepsy. In this regard, we consider essential, in the debate on the function and meaning of graphology, the considerations offered by Paola Urbani in the book Process to graphology. Gradually it has been possible to ascertain on how many and such fields of studies the graphological approaches have been engaged comparing them with opinions and feedbacks from the academic and scientific world. It began in 1871 by Jean-Hippolyte MIchon, and it is still popular in Europe, especially France. Beeson P, Rapcsak S, Plante E (2003) The neural substrates of writing: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. . . The medical dictionary defines graphology as a technique of personality investigation that assigns to the manual handwriting a revelatory significance of the writer attitudes and behaviours [1]. Fundamental element in the handwriting is the rhythm as an expression of the vital level; every graphological school recognizes in the rhythm a strongly indicative element of personality. Segal E, Petrides M (2012) The anterior superior parietal lobule and its interactions with language and motor areas during writing. In Italy, the founder of graphology in Ancona, is considered the Father Girolamo Moretti (1879-1963), who wrote under the pseudonym of Umberto Koch, the manual of graphology and the first of many editions of the Treaty of graphology which is still now used. Rorschach, H (1921) Psychodiagnostik. Such activation is explained as the result of motor control functions derived from complex finger movements [94]. The prevalence and incidence data have not been somewhat easy to obtain since epidemiological studies are scarce. According to Crystal's (1995: 194) definition, Graphology, in its linguistic sense, is the study of the systems of symbols that have been devised to communicate language in written form . Finally, future research regarding the neural substrates of handwriting are needed in order to highlight critical questions concerning the neural bases of written language productions that still need to be addressed. Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters. hr managements assessment center die zunehmend. The persistence of one of these phases in the adult personality will determine its character. Handwriting analysis draws reliable conclusions about the spirit personality of a writer. Graphology examines a writing in order to extract unfiltered information about innate temperament and subconscious nature of who has traced the letters. Furnham A (2000) The Perceived Efficacy of Various "Future-ologies" and Complementary Medicine. These elements are used by graphologists in handwriting assessments. According to the authors, therefore, the practice of writing Chinese calligraphy could be used to improve the mental and physical health through stress reduction. Satow R, Rector J (1995) Using Gestalt Graphology to Identify Entrepreneurial Leadership. Handwritings analysis of these persons has also allowed the identification of a capacity not yet developed, and to invest in the right direction [21, 38]. They conducted a study on a sample of 46 university students, and factor analysis showed three different writing styles correlate to the three dimensions of character indicated. As illustrated the lands explored by graphologists have ranged parallel or over time inspired by the most diverse points of view and culture: from China to Switzerland, to the United States and through the different countries of the Old Continent to the East and to the Middle East. Bruchon Schweitzer M, Ferrieux D (1991) Une enquete sur le recruitement en France. The act of writing, then, follows temporal dimensions related to the more or less rapid succession of letters, not apart from temporal conditions with different trends. The interpretation also considered comparisons between productions of the same writer and graphic elements of interpretation derived from empirical data of previous researchers. Dazzi C, Pedrabissi L (2006) Is Graphology valid and reliable? They noticed even greater emotional stability among patients who had a depressive illness or a carcinoma. Nezos R (1992) Graphology. AN INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHOLOGY: DEFINITION, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LEVELS OF ANALYSIS miscelnea: a journal of english and american studies 51 (2015): pp. Robert NA du texte (1991) La graphologie: de la connaissance de soi au recrutement professionnel / Nolle Robert. Patients affected by mood depression have made a drawing with a speed significantly less regular than in healthy subjects, they also presented a handwriting abnormally slow. carried out five studies, which respectively revealed that job advertisements rarely require handwritten letters; these are seldom used for the analysis of handwriting; it has been overestimated the frequency with which handwritten letters are graphologically analysed; whether handwritten letters are requested, the candidates are expected to be examined also through handwriting analysis; finally, the evaluation of handwriting in personnel selection would seem to be overestimated by the candidates with respect to its use [28]. Hines T (1988) Pseudoscience and the paranormal: A critical examination of the evidence. In other words, in each individual revived the experiences with which the previous generations phylogenetically reacted. This point of view was regarded with some favour by important psychologists such as Gordon Allport and Philip E. Vernon that refer to it in the Treaty Studies in Expressive Movement [39]. Handwriting analysisalso known as graphologyhas been deemed a pseudo-science by most. The neural substrates underlying handwriting are still not well understood because there are a number of brain areas which interact and which are responsible for various aspects of the ability to write. With regard to written production the specific function of this area is playing a role in allographic processing. Introduction Graphology is a linguistic level of analysis that comprises the study of graphic aspects of language1. The researchers started from the general assumption to seize beneficial effects through the use of this writing, particularly on children with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity enhancing cognitive abilities, or the recovery of cognitive abilities in patients with Alzheimers disease. Even in a study archival of 73 men and 168 women on the signature and the results of the scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 was observed a correspondence between graphological signs and psychological perception of their gender identity [55]. Cambridge University Press 205-232. In England, the Czech-born Robert Saudek (1880-1935) became interested in experiments of comparison with stroboscopic movement cinema and movement measurement in handwriting, developing a rigorous and mechanized method to define scientifically the concept of speed coming to formulate graphic laws at the base of the graphomotor gesture. The . Gianandrea Traversi Learn more. Returning to the source of the frontal writing centre hypothesis. Saarinen T, Kujala J, Laaksonen H, Jalava A, Salmelin R (2019) Task-Modulated Corticocortical Synchrony in the Cognitive-Motor Network Supporting Handwriting. Graphology, also known as graphoanalysis, is a process that is used by some to attempt to determine personality traits and details about a person based off of their handwriting. Graumann considered the use of the graphological tool in monitoring conducted on the progress of psychotherapy about the possibility of a developmental progression of personality in the course of treatment. It is also known as 'the writing of the brain'. Sakurai Y, Onuma Y, Nakazawa G, Ugawa Y, Momose T et al. He started from the assumption of dynamic personality, with emphasis on the need to assess its continuing evolution. Graphology Handwriting Analysis is the science of finding someone's personality by look at their Handwriting, you can get to know about relationships, finances, self-image, couple compatibility, communication skills, confidence and many other aspects of personality with just handwriting! The author mentions terms such as graphotherapy and palmistry named in the book of Watson. As far as the first, he metapsychologically worked on a definition and a broad treatment of the three instances called Id, Ego and SuperEgo, which respectively constitute the sites of instinctual drives, where the Id pursues the pleasure principle, the Ego embodies the sense of reality and tends to defer the satisfaction of desire, when it is possible and the SuperEgo performs a normative and model function respect to which the Ego must mediate on the forces of the Id [7]. It tried to find the particular differences among individuals. +372-60-28428. Graphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies writing and print as systems of signs. conducted a study focused on the identification of specialized brain areas according to the multiplicity of the representation of the letters such as motoric similarities B vs. P, visual similarities A vs. R, abstract similarities A vs. a [57, 96]. These findings could argue for the success of therapy. Graphology is a projective technique which objective is the study of personality traits of individuals through the interpretation of the so called graphic strokes of handwriting. Van Galen GP (1991) Handwriting: Issues for a psychomotor theory. relationship of anizational culture teamwork and job. Planton S, Jucla M, Roux FE, Dmonet JF (2013) The handwriting brain: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of motor versus orthographic processes. Klages founded at Monaco an institute for the study of characterological psychology [5]. Allport counted handwriting analysis between projective techniques [19]. In the results, the evidence concerning the first and second groups showed a reduction in heart rate and an increase in body temperature compared to the baseline measurements. Graphology is the study of handwriting and handprints. The Shadow constitutes that set of removed dispositions integrated to the global personality in a guise of contraposition to the imposed predispositions present in the Person enclosing forever useful values to the conscience and to the completion of the personality, even if difficult to integrate in life. Snyder CR, Shenkel RJ, Lowery CR (1977) Acceptance of personality interpretations: the Barnum Effect and beyond. graphology. Freud S (1976) Lio e les: 1922. To this process can be add items related to patterns and processes of thought, defensive and emotional aspects of the mind. In this way, through studies and clinical practice, Freud traced in his patient the fixation conditions to one or the other phase. What is GRAPHOLOGY? One common element, however, between the two points of view of graphology and projective tests is the lack of right or wrong production, in essence it is not among the psychometric instruments. Bradley N (2002) The applications and prices of Graphology. Is a projective personality test, that lets you know someone's temperament, genetic factors that lead our behaviors, biological basis, and character. To restrict the field to a psychological and psychological-clinical position, the stimulus that we felt in this exploration work could be to open a way of perspective comparison between different points of view in order to search for elements of correspondence in the study of personality and health mental, through the identification and use of tools that can be correlated between them by both parties respecting criteria of validity, sensitivity, reliability and significance.